Numerical data for the coherent differential x-ray scattering cross-section I X( Q), the oxygen-oxygen structure factor S OO( Q), and the derived g OO( r) are provided as benchmarks for calibrating force-fields for water. From these measurements and error analysis, the position and height of the nearest neighbor maximum in g OO( r) were found to be 2.80(1) Å and 2.57(5) respectively. The extended Q-range and low statistical noise of these measurements has significantly reduced truncation effects and related errors in the g OO( r) functions obtained. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a traditional technique to determine the crystal structures, including unit cell dimensions, bond-lengths/angles, and. The oxygen-hydrogen contribution to the measured x-ray scattering pattern was subtracted using literature data to yield an experimental determination, with error bars, of the oxygen-oxygen pair-distribution function, g OO( r), which essentially describes the distribution of molecular centers. Sources of uncertainty from statistical noise, Q-range, Compton scattering, and self-scattering are discussed. Vanadium-tellurite glasses, tetragonal TeO 2 and orthorhombic V 2 O 5 crystalline samples were characterized for their atomic structure properties by synchrotron X-ray diffraction, pair distribution function analysis, reverse Monte Carlo simulations (RMC) and Rietveld analysis. Each of these measurements represents a significant development of the x-ray diffraction technique applied to the study of liquid water. Four recent x-ray diffraction measurements of ambient liquid water are reviewed here. Here, we report the glassy structure of 75Li2S-25P2S5 immediately before the crystallization by using the differential pair distribution function (d-PDF) analysis of high-energy X-ray diffraction.
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